艾叶精油对玉米螟赤眼蜂的影响及两者对米蛾的联合作用

玉米螟赤眼蜂是生物防治中一种重要的天敌昆虫,为探明艾叶精油对玉米螟赤眼蜂的影响及两者对米蛾的联合防治效果,本文研究了艾叶精油熏蒸、触杀、驱避活性对玉米螟赤眼蜂的影响及艾叶精油和玉米螟赤眼蜂对米蛾的联合作用。结果表明,艾叶精油熏蒸和触杀处理对玉米螟赤眼蜂卵具有明显影响,寄生在米蛾卵上的玉米螟赤眼蜂卵经0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5、0.6μg/cm3艾叶精油熏蒸处理72h后玉米螟赤眼蜂的羽化率分别为56.67%、49.33%、44.00%、33.33%、26.00%和14.67%;寄生在米蛾卵上的玉米螟赤眼蜂卵经100、200、300、400、500、600mg/L艾叶精油触杀处理72h后玉米螟赤眼蜂的羽化率分别为54.00%、45.33%、38.00%、28.67%、18.00%和6.00%,均与对照组表现出显著性差异。艾叶精油驱避活性对玉米螟赤眼蜂成蜂也有明显的影响,300mg/L艾叶精油对玉米螟赤眼蜂的驱避率79.05%,随着时间间隔和距离间隔的增加,这种影响作用降低;联合应用艾叶精油与玉米螟赤眼蜂时先释放玉米螟赤眼蜂,24h后再滴加艾叶精油的防治效果最佳,米蛾的死亡率可高达96%。     

Dietary resveratrol impairs body weight gain due to reduction of feed intake without affecting fatty acid composition in Atlantic salmon

Recent studies suggest that the use of vegetable oils at expense of fish oil in aquaculture feeds might have potential negative effects on fish redox homeostasis and adiposity. Resveratrol (RESV) is a lipid-soluble phytoalexin present in fruits and vegetables with proven in vivo antioxidant function in animals. The present study aims to assess the potential use of RESV in Atlantic salmon feeds. To this end, post-smolt salmons with an initial BW of 148±3 g were fed four experimental diets for 15 weeks. A diet low in fish oil served as a control and was supplemented with 0, 0.5, 1.5 and 2.5 g/kg of RESV, respectively. The effect of the experimental diets on animal performance, tissue fatty acid composition, and the expression of genes encoding proteins involved in antioxidant signalling, lipid peroxidation, and metabolism were studied. Resveratrol significantly reduced feed intake and final BW of the salmon. Feeding RESV did not affect the sum of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids or total lipids in the fillet. While the content of total polyunsaturated fatty acids was not affected, the percentages of some fatty acids in the liver and fillet were changed by RESV. Furthermore, in liver, the relative expression of glutathione peroxidase 4b, nuclear factor-like 2, and arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase remained unchanged across treatment groups. In conclusion, the negative impact of dietary RESV on FI and hence reduction of the BW discourages its inclusion in low fish oil diets for Atlantic salmon.     

离体诱变定向培育高油花生新品种宇花9号

笔者前期研究发现经干旱胁迫处理后的花生叶片水势与其籽仁含油率呈显著正相关。文中对羟脯氨酸作为水势(渗透压)调节物质用于离体定向筛选花生高油突变体及培育花生新品种进行了研究。以花生品种花育20号胚小叶作为外植体,平阳霉素作为诱变剂添加于体胚诱导培养基上进行离体诱变培养。形成的体胚转移到添加6 mmol/L羟脯氨酸(培养基水势为-2.079 MPa)的体胚萌发和再生培养基上诱导体胚萌发成苗,同时进行高油突变体定向筛选。再生小苗经嫁接移栽田间,从再生植株后代中获得了132份含油率55%以上的高油突变体,其中27份含油率超过58%,2份超过60%。再生植株后代结合系谱育种法育成了高产高油花生新品种宇花9号,在辽宁省花生新品种备案试验中,籽仁产量比对照品种增产14.0%,并通过了国家非主要农作物品种登记。宇花9号含油率达61.05%,比亲本花育20号高11.55个百分点,是目前国际上含油率最高的花生品种。本研究结果表明,利用离体诱变、培养基低水势定向筛选及其再生植株后代结合常规育种法选择是定向培育高油花生品种的有效方法。     

新鲜及干燥槲树叶挥发油的GC-MS分析及β-葡萄糖苷酶对其增香作用的研究

研究槲树叶中挥发油的化学成分及β-葡萄糖苷酶对其的增香作用,为进一步开发利用槲树资源提供理论支持.采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取新鲜及干燥槲树叶挥发油,结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)对其进行分析鉴定,用面积归一化法获得各化合物的相对含量,并对加入β-葡萄糖苷酶前后槲树叶挥发油化学成分进行比较.结果从新鲜槲树叶挥发油中共分离鉴定出32个化合物,干燥槲树叶中72个化合物,表明槲树叶中所含化学成分丰富但新鲜槲树叶与干燥槲树叶中化学成分差别大;加入β-葡萄糖苷酶提高了槲树叶中某些香精成分的相对含量,说明β-葡萄糖苷酶对槲树叶具有增香作用.     

复方安神精油吸入给药的镇静催眠作用及化学成分的GC-MS分析

为研究复方安神精油吸入给药的镇静催眠作用,本实验采用动物自主活动测试和戊巴比妥钠诱导的睡眠潜伏期与睡眠时间实验:GC-MS分析复方安神精油的挥发性化学成分与入脑的主要化学成分;基于网络药理学预测和筛选出治疗失眠症相关靶蛋白与活性成分,旨在为复方安神精油治疗与改善失眠症提供理论依据。研究发现,复方安神精油具有镇静催眠作用,可显著减少动物自主活动,缩短睡眠潜伏期,延长睡眠时间;复方安神精油主要化学成分与入脑主要化学成分中含有多种具有神经中枢镇静催眠作用以及抗焦虑、抗抑郁作用的化学成分;基于网络药理学预测和筛选出25个治疗失眠症相关活性成分作用于39个治疗失眠症相关作用靶点,体现复方安神精油多成分、多靶点发挥镇静催眠作用的特点。     

香叶挥发油成分分析及其对 小鼠白色假丝酵母菌阴道病的影响

目的 研究香叶挥发油对白色假丝酵母生物膜形成的影响。方法 水蒸气蒸馏法提取香叶挥发油,GC-MS分析其成分,测定其对白色假丝酵母的MIC、MBC,激光共聚焦显微镜下观察白色假丝酵母生物膜的形成,制备小鼠白色假丝酵母菌阴道病模型,观察香叶油治疗效果。结果 香叶挥发油提取率为1.83%,分析出22个成分,主要成分为5-甲基-2-异丙烯基环己酮、3,7-二甲基-2-辛烯-1-醇、(顺)香叶醇、异香叶醇、香叶醇和甲酸香茅酯,MIC值为0.3625%,MBC值为0.6250%,激光共聚焦结果显示不同浓度香叶油均可显著抑制白色假丝酵母生物膜形成,动物实验结果显示香叶油可抑制小鼠阴道炎症改变。结论 香叶油用于治疗白色假丝酵母引起的阴道炎机制可能与其影响细菌生物膜形成有关。     

富油脂微藻育种技术研究进展

微藻因生长迅速、光合作用效率高、分布范围广和油脂积累能力强等优势,已被认为是生产生物柴油的理想原料。诱变育种可改善野生型微藻生长缓慢、油脂含量低和环境适应能力弱等缺陷,提高了以微藻生产生物柴油的可行性。概述了物理、化学和基因工程三类诱变育种方法的研究现状,介绍了低场核磁共振和荧光激活细胞分选两种富油脂微藻筛选技术以及一种测定诱变藻株致死率的方法,讨论了三种诱变方法的应用前景,供相关研究人员参考。     

Secondary metabolites,secretory structures and biological activity of water celery (Apium nodiflorum (L.) Lag.) growing in central Italy

Apium nodiflorum (L.) Lag. (water celery) is an hydrophytic plant forming dense submerged populations occurring along streams and rivers of Europe. In the present work we provided new insights into the phytochemistry and biology of A. nodiflorum. In particular, we studied the chemical profile of essential oil and polar extracts obtained from the flowering aerial parts of water celery growing in central Italy, together with the essential oil biological activities, namely antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxicity on tumour cells. In addition, we correlated the productivity in secondary metabolites to the secreting structures through a detailed micromorphological study. The essential oil was dominated by two main chemotypes, characterized by myristicin and limonene, respectively. The oils showed significant toxicity on tumour cells, as evidenced by the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay, with IC₅₀ values in the range 3.8–15.9 μg mL^?1, together with inhibitory effects on Candida albicans (inhibition zones of 10–11 mm). HPLC-MS analysis showed the caffeoylquinic acids and quercetin-3-O-glucoside as the most abundant phenolic compounds. Ducts and vittae were the principal secretory structures of vegetative (leaves and stems) and reproductive (fruits) parts, respectively, storing mainly essential oil. Results of this work provide scientific evidences for the possible valorization and exploitation of water celery.     

Effects of cover soil stockpiling on plant community development following reclamation of oil sands sites in Alberta

Stockpiling of cover soil can influence vegetation development following reclamation. Cover soil, comprising the upper 15–30 cm of the surface material on sites scheduled for mining, is commonly salvaged prior to mining and used directly or stockpiled for various lengths of time until it is needed. Salvaging and stockpiling causes physical, chemical, and biological changes in cover soils. In particular, stockpiling reduces the availability and vigor of vegetative propagules and seed, and can lead to increases in the abundance of some weedy species. This study uses data from monitoring plots to assess how stockpiling of cover soil impacts plant community development on reclaimed oil sands mine sites in northern Alberta. Development of plant communities differed distinctly between directly placed and stockpiled cover soil treatments even 18 years after reclamation. Direct placement of cover soil resulted in higher percent cover, species richness, and diversity. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling and multiresponse permutation procedure revealed compositional differentiation between the treatments. Indicator species analysis showed that direct placement treatment was dominated by perennial species while grasses and annual forb species dominated sites where stockpiled soil was used. Results indicate that stockpiling leads to slower vegetation recovery while direct placement of cover soil supports more rapid succession (from ruderal and annual communities to perennial communities). In addition, direct placement may be less costly than stockpiling. However, scheduling of salvage and placement remains a challenge.